“The mind once enlightened can never again become dark,” wrote Thomas Paine generations ago.  Progress in education has been an important feature of the development of the United States as it steadily moved to become an economic and scientific leader.  Arkansas faced a difficult transition as it attempted to develop its school system in the twentieth century.  One of the key leaders in Arkansas education was Arch Ford, the former state education commissioner.

Archibald Washington Ford was born in the small Faulkner County community of Wooster in 1906.  The importance of education was emphasized to him at an early age.  His father, Rev. Thomas Noah Ford, was a Baptist minister, farmer, and a leader in public education in Faulkner County in the early 1900s.  He served on the Wooster School Board and later on the Faulkner County Board of Education.

In the early 1900s, most Arkansas communities had schools of some type.  However, the quality differed widely among the hundreds of school districts spread across the state’s 75 counties.  In 1900, there were still no compulsory school attendance laws, few standards for teachers or what was taught, school terms in many districts were only four months, and many communities only had one-room schools educating children of all ages at different grade levels because of a lack of resources.  Most school districts did not offer any education past the eighth grade.  Many children may only have a couple years of education if they had any at all.

Though Arkansas was an agricultural state, and the labor of children was seen as necessary on the farms, the education system in Arkansas was far behind other farming states.  In addition, schools were segregated, increasing costs for districts.

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As a child, Ford was sent to a local two-room school that had only a six-month term so students would be able to help on their family farms.  The family moved briefly to Oklahoma when Ford was 13, where he was able to attend a full nine-month term.  The family returned to Wooster when he was 15, and he had to attend the high school ten miles away in Conway, as that was the only high school in Faulkner County at the time.  In the meantime, his father worked on the county school board to consolidate the patchwork of dozens upon dozens of school districts in the county down to just seven.

Upon graduation, Ford attended Arkansas State Teachers School in Conway (the modern University of Central Arkansas).  Upon his graduation in 1928, he attended the University of Arkansas where he received a masters degree in vocational education.  He spent the next several years as a teacher.  In 1935, he began working with the Civilian Conservation Corps developing and advising the education programs offered to its participants.  He began working for the Arkansas Department of Education in 1941, supervising vocational education and business education programs.

In 1953, Ford became the state commissioner, supervising education programs and teacher training for all districts.  In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was unconstitutional in the Brown v. Board of Education case.  Ford recognized that this would completely change education in Arkansas, and he began quietly crafting policies to comply. Ford, however, was limited as to what he could do as desegregation faced volatile opposition in many communities.  Many districts were later placed under supervision of the federal courts for their resistance to desegregation.  Nevertheless, he assisted districts in adjusting to their constitutional responsibilities regarding equality, providing policy and training input.

His efforts went far beyond the traditional student.  He began programs to provide education to disabled students, starting with an experimental program in Conway in 1959 that spread throughout the entire state by the late 1970s.  He worked with legislators and campaigned for a constitutional amendment to allow state educational funds to allow five-year-olds (for kindergarten) and residents over 18 greater access to educational programs by 1968.  Ford’s efforts were helped by many legislators, teachers, and governors in his long career who shared his passion for educating the next generation.

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In the 1960s and 1970s, recognizing that many students needed job skills beyond high school, he worked with legislators to create 23 vocational schools across the state, offering such programs as welding, carpentry, automotive repair, and even nursing.  Many of these vocational education programs have since been absorbed by local community colleges, who now provide these opportunities for skilled trades and workforce training in their communities.  He further advocated teacher pay raises and funding for education television.

In 1969, Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller had one of the newly refurbished buildings in the Capitol complex renamed for Ford in honor of his work for Arkansas schools.  The building, down the hill from the Capitol, had originally been erected in the 1930s under the administration of Gov. Carl Bailey to house state administrative offices.  The Arch Ford Annex houses many state educational offices today.

In 1978, at the age of 72, he stepped down from his position after 25 years as state education commissioner.  Ford retired to Conway.  He died in 1987 at the age of 81, lauded by educators across the state for his service.  He was further honored with the dedication of the Arch Ford Education Service Cooperative in Plumerville to aid in teacher training.  He became synonymous with public education in Arkansas in a long and distinguished career, and thousands of students forever had their lives improved in part through his efforts.

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The early years of the United States includes tales of many daring explorers.  One of these figures was Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville, a Frenchmen by birth who immigrated to the United States and eventually made Arkansas his home.  Bonneville gave Americans a much clearer view of the Rocky Mountain West thanks to his travels in the 1830s.

Benjamin Bonneville was the son of a publisher and born in Paris, France, in 1796.  In 1803, the family immigrated to New York.  The family was close friends with Thomas Paine, the outspoken essayist who inspired countless Americans during the Revolutionary War.  Paine had encouraged the family to come to the United States and paid for their voyage to their new home.  Upon his death in 1809, Paine established a trust fund for Bonneville and his sister for their education.

Bonneville graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1815.  He served at various army posts, including Fort Smith. In 1824, he was transferred to Fort Gibson, which was at that time in the Arkansas Territory but now located in northeastern Oklahoma.

Curious about the largely unexplored lands of Oregon and the Far West, he took a leave of absence from the army and led an exploratory expedition in 1832.  The force of 110 men was financed by private investors.  The explorers left Missouri in May, eventually trekking along the Platte River in present-day Nebraska and into Wyoming and Idaho.  He took careful note of the different geologic formations along the way as well as the wildlife and fauna of the region.

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He sent one party of scouts to the southwest to search for an overland route to California.  This party went into northern Utah and Nevada and discovered what came to be known as the California Trail, later a major route for pioneers heading west during the California Gold Rush.  Walker’s team encountered Great Salt Lake and the dry, ancient lakebed that Great Salt Lake once encompassed on a larger scale which was later named Lake Bonneville.  The field of salts covering the desert floor mark what was once the lake itself and is now called the Bonneville Salt Flats.

Along the way, Bonneville encountered several different Native American tribes, often trading with them for supplies and employing several as guides.  He made it as far as eastern Washington.  In the winter of 1834, he and his party stayed with a band of Nez Perce near the Salmon River who helped them survive the difficult season.  The next spring, the party returned to Missouri.

In 1837, he worked with famed writer Washington Irving and published his journals as The Adventures of Captain Bonneville.  During the Mexican War, he served with Gen. Winfield Scott in his campaign to take Mexico City and was part of the occupation force of the Mexican capital.  By 1855, he was promoted to colonel and took command of different posts in the New Mexico Territory.

He initially retired in 1861, but the eruption of the Civil War led him to return to the army, where he a commanded garrison in St. Louis.  He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and was put in charge of recruiting Union troops in Missouri.  He retired for the final time in 1866.

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Bonneville spent the last years of his life in Fort Smith.  He died in 1878.  His name appears often across Arkansas and the nation, including a number of schools in the West.  The community of Booneville in Logan County was named in his honor.  Bonneville County, Idaho, was also named after the general.  In 1962, the Fort Smith School District named Bonneville Elementary School after him.

Arkansas musician Scott Bradley was never widely known outside of the studio, but his music was the heart of some of the most iconic American cultural icons of the twentieth century, most notably, the famed cartoon duo of Tom and Jerry.

Bradley was born in Russellville in 1891.  He developed a love of music early and taught himself.  By the 1910s, he headed to Houston to put his musical talents to work.   He found work as a conductor for orchestras and theaters throughout Southeast Texas as well as radio stations.  At the same time, he continued to write his own music.  Though he was a successful musician, Bradley still took lessons from more experienced musicians to fine-tune his own craft.

By the early 1920s, California was rapidly becoming the heart of the entertainment world.  Bradley left Texas in 1926 to become a conductor for a Los Angeles radio station.  In 1929, he was hired by The Walt Disney Studio as a staff musician.  However, Walt Disney had a falling out with some of his staff in 1930.  One of Disney’s chief animators went to form his own cartoon studio for which Bradley worked for several years.

By the 1930s, the cartoon short feature had become a staple part of the moviegoing experience.  Audiences expected to see a cartoon and perhaps another short film and a newsreel showing current events in addition to the previews of coming attractions and the main feature film.  Seeing the success of Disney and others with the growing popularity of animation, Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer Studios decided to form its own cartoon studio in 1937 to compete.  Bradley was quickly hired to help provide the music.

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In 1940, MGM animators William Hanna and Joseph Barbera created the Tom and Jerry cartoon, though they were originally named Jasper and Jinx.  Bradley went on to write and conduct the large orchestras for the music in the 114 original cartoons made between 1940 and 1957.

Since Tom and Jerry almost never spoke, most of the stories relied on Bradley’s music to set up and underline the different jokes, playful tensions, and transitions from one scene to the next.  The physical humor and lack of dialogue helped make the cartoons immensely popular around the world as Bradley’s music needed no translations.

One 1947 cartoon in particular, “The Cat Concerto,” placed music at the center of the episode as Tom played a concert pianist whose piano happened to be Jerry’s home.  Jerry got his revenge against Tom as he tried to finish his concert with increasing desperation.  Thanks to Bradley’s music direction, the cartoon won the 1948 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, the fourth consecutive Academy Award for Tom and Jerry.

Bradley also composed the musical score for the 28 Barney Bear cartoons made by MGM between 1939 and 1954.  Bradley would also go on to provide the music for the 24 Droopy cartoons produced between 1943 and 1957 and the Screwy Squirrel cartoons made in the late 1940s.

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In 1957, MGM closed its cartoon studio as part of a corporate restructuring effort.  Though MGM would continue to produce cartoons, the large budgets were gone and an entirely new group of directors, animators, and musicians were hired.  Bradley’s contract was cancelled; and at the age of 65, he decided to retire.  In those nearly two decades of the first batch of Tom and Jerry cartoons, Bradley was part of a team that earned eleven Academy Award nominations and won eight Academy Awards for the cartoons.  Overall, he composed 250 cartoon music scores.

By the mid-1960s, television stations across the United States were airing Tom and Jerry cartoons first shown in theaters.  Though edited from their original screen versions, the cartoons were an immediate sensation with children.  Because of this, by the 1970s, new Tom and Jerry cartoons began to be produced strictly for television.

Bradley died at his home in California in 1977 at the age of 85 as a new generation of youngsters discovered in television reruns the cartoons he helped bring to life.  A compilation album of his musical scores from some of these cartoons was released in 2006.  Today, these cartoons continue to be seen on television and on video daily in homes around the world.

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Meekness is difficult to define and even harder to put into practice. If someone told you to be merciful, you would likely know what that entails. However, if someone told you to be meek, you might need to pause and consider which actions truly demonstrate meekness.
I believe the best way to explain meekness—understood as gentleness, humility, and lowliness—is to consider its opposite. The clearest illustration of this contrast is found right here in this very Beatitude.

Jesus is speaking to a crowd of Israelites gathered on a hillside overlooking the Sea of Galilee. It is a time of harsh Roman occupation, and Israel is longing for a Messiah who will literally liberate them from Roman control, reestablish Israel’s sovereign rule over the land, and form a tangible—not merely theoretical—Jewish kingdom.

Rome is ruthless, known throughout history for conquering and dividing. The Romans use force and might to expand their empire, claiming new lands and daring the weaker former inhabitants to resist. As the Roman historian Sallust noted, “The Roman people won empire through war, not by negotiation or treaty.”

Imagine the mental struggle of the Hebrew listeners that day when Jesus, speaking to a people eager to reclaim their “earth”—or perhaps the greek could be better translated, “land”—says, “The meek…will get the land back.” In other words, you can’t out Rome, Rome at its own game to regain your land. There is a better way, the way of The Kingdom and it’s upside down ethics, and it’s the opposite of Rome’s method. While Rome seized land by force, you will inherit it through meekness.

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Meekness is not about fighting the enemy in the same way the enemy fights you; it’s about trusting God to fight your battles and grant you, by inheritance, what He has promised.

As Psalm 20:7 reminds us, “Some trust in chariots and some in horses, but we trust in the name of the LORD our God.” This is the essence of meekness.